Abstract: Against the intertwined backdrop of globalization and digitalization, the stability and sustainable development of China’s urban economic system are confronted with severe challenges. Enhancing urban economic resilience and cities’ capacity to withstand shocks as well as achieve recovery and transformation has become a critical pathway for advancing high-quality economic development. Taking national e-commerce demonstration cities as the research subject, this paper constructs comprehensive evaluation systems for urban economic resilience and the digital economy. Based on panel data of 68 e-commerce demonstration cities in China from 2010 to 2024, this study adopts the fixed-effect model and mediation effect model to systematically investigate the impact of the digital economy on urban economic resilience and its underlying mechanisms. The results show that the digital economy significantly improves the economic resilience of e-commerce demonstration cities. Mechanism analysis indicates that industrial structure advancement does not exert a positive mediating transmission effect but presents a suppression effect: the digital economy has a significant positive direct effect on urban economic resilience, yet it generates a negative indirect effect via industrial structure advancement, and this reverse indirect path weakens the overall improvement effect of the digital economy. It is suggested to strengthen digital infrastructure construction, promote the dual circulation of industry and innovation, and implement differentiated regional policies, so as to give full play to the enabling role of the digital economy in improving urban economic resilience.