Abstract: To promote the sustainable development of cities and enhance the share of green travel, this paper fully considers the bounded rationality of residents and explores the evolutionary mechanism of green travel for urban residents. Firstly, an evolutionary game model is established based on agent simulation to construct the perceived benefit matrix of heterogeneous residents' travel modes and the social network of travelers within the NW small-world network. Inertia and mutation are incorporated into the travel strategy switching rules. Then, the effects of residents' bounded rationality and the deactivation of network nodes on system evolution are analyzed through simulation. Additionally, the influence of the proportion of heterogeneous travelers, government regulatory measures, and travel incentives on residents' green travel choices is examined. The results indicate that under an inertia probability of 98%, a mutation probability of 3%, and a node deactivation probability of 10%, the simulation system converges to a stable state more rapidly. An increase in the proportion of experience-oriented travelers leads to a 4.35% decrease in the share of green travel, while an increase in green-oriented travelers results in a 7.29% increase. Neutral travelers exhibit travel behaviors more closely aligned with those of experience-oriented travelers. Moreover, the simultaneous implementation of dedicated bus lanes and motor–non-motor vehicle separation measures can raise the green travel proportion to a peak of 50.59%. Compared to improving the intelligence of travel modes, raising the awareness of low-carbon and environmental protection among travelers has a more significant effect on increasing the proportion of green travel.