Abstract: The high-speed maglev train induces significant aerodynamic loads when passing through tunnels, which is one of the primary causes of fatigue damage to tunnel linings. Based on a one-dimensional flow mode, the fundamental characteristics of pressure waves inside the tunnel were revealed. The spatial and temporal distributions of the maximum positive and negative pressures were analyzed, and the influence patterns of tunnel length, blockage ratio, and train speed on aerodynamic loads were systematically summarized. The results indicate that the pressure fluctuations at the tunnel monitoring points are primarily governed by the train wave signature （TWS） and the train near-field signature （TNS）. The pressure waves exhibit a periodic attenuation behavior, and the attenuation duration is closely related to the tunnel length. When the tunnel length exceeds 0.6 km, the maximum negative pressure occurs while the train is inside the tunnel, whereas the maximum positive pressure is reached after the train exits the tunnel. The positions corresponding to the maximum positive and negative pressures maintain fixed ratios to the tunnel length, at 0.5 and 0.667, respectively. The peak pressure initially increases and then decreases with increasing tunnel length. Both the maximum positive and negative pressures increase with the blockage ratio. In addition, the maximum pressure is proportional to the train speed raised to a power between 2.51 and 3.76. The distribution patterns and magnitude ranges of aerodynamic loads acting on the tunnel lining were quantitatively determined. These findings provide a theoretical reference for the aerodynamic fatigue strength design of tunnel linings.